黑洞的尘埃环可能投射出星系中心的阴影

黑洞的尘埃环可能投射出星系中心的阴影

我们天空中一些最令人惊叹的景象出现在日落时分,阳光穿透云层,形成了由云层的阴影和大气散射的光束形成的明暗混合光线。 研究邻近星系IC 5063的天文学家们被美国宇航局哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的图像所吸引。在这种情况下,从活跃星系耀眼的中心可以看到一束狭窄的明亮光线和阴影。 这张哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的附近活动星系IC 5063的中心图像显示,明亮的光线和来自炽热核心的阴影混合在一起,炽热核心是一个超大质量黑洞的所在地。天文学家认为,围绕黑洞的一圈尘埃物质可能正在将黑洞的阴影投射到太空中。根据他们的设想,这种光和影的相互作用可能会发生在巨黑洞爆炸的光撞击深埋在核心中的尘埃环的时候。光线穿过尘埃环上的缝隙,形成明亮的锥形射线。然而,圆盘上密集的斑块阻挡了一些光线,在星系中投射出长长的阴影。这种现象类似于太阳下山时阳光穿透地球上的云层,形成明亮的光线和被大气散射的光线形成的阴影。然而,IC 5063中出现的明亮光线和黑暗阴影的范围要大得多,至少跨越了36000光年。IC 5063距离地球1.56亿光年。这些观测是在2019年3月7日和11月25日由哈勃的广角照相机3号和高级巡天照相机拍摄的。 影像来源:NASA, ESA, and W.P. Maksym (CfA) 由位于马萨诸塞州剑桥的哈佛和史密森天体物理中心(CfA)的彼得·马克西姆领导的一组天文学家,已经追踪到了星系的核心,那里有一个活跃的超大质量黑洞。黑洞是一种致密的空间区域,在重力的强力作用下吞噬光和物质。这个巨大的物体疯狂地以流入的物质为食,从它附近的过热气体中产生强大的光喷。 尽管研究人员已经为这一现象发展出了几个看似合理的理论,但最有趣的想法是,黑洞周围由尘埃物质组成的内管状环状物正在向太空投射它的阴影。 根据马克西姆的设想,黑洞周围的尘埃环并不能阻挡所有的光线。圆盘上的缝隙允许光线射出,创造出明亮的锥形射线,类似于有时在日落时看到的手指状光。然而,IC 5063的光线发生的范围要大得多,至少穿越了36000光年。 一些光线照射到环的密集区域,将尘埃环的阴影投射到太空中。这些阴影看起来像深色的手指形状,夹杂着明亮的光线。这些光束和阴影是可见的,因为黑洞和它的尘埃环相对于星系平面倾斜。这种排列方式使得光束可以延伸到星系外很远的地方。 这种光和影的相互作用提供了一种独特的视角来观察环绕在黑洞周围的物质分布。在某些区域,这些物质可能像分散的云。如果这种解释是正确的,观测结果可能会间接探测到圆盘的斑驳结构。 “我最兴奋的是环面阴影的想法,因为这是一个很酷的效果,我认为我们以前在图像中从未见过,尽管它是假设的。”马克西姆说。“从科学上讲,它向我们展示了很难直接看到的东西(通常是不可能的)。我们知道这种现象应该发生,但是在这种情况下,我们可以看到整个星系的效果。了解更多关于尘埃环面的几何知识,将对试图理解超大质量黑洞及其环境的行为产生影响。随着星系的演化,它的中心黑洞会塑造它。” 研究尘埃环面是很重要的,因为它向黑洞输送物质。如果“阴影”的解释是准确的,暗射线提供了间接证据,IC 5063的圆盘可能非常薄,这就解释了为什么光会泄漏到整个结构。 美国宇航局钱德拉X射线天文台对类似黑洞的观测发现,X射线从尘埃环面的黑洞中泄漏出来,使该结构看起来像瑞士奶酪。“圆盘受到内力的扭曲可能会产生孔洞,导致其翘曲。”马克西姆补充说,“这种扭曲可能会造成足够大的空隙,让一些光线穿透,当尘埃环面旋转时,光束可以像灯塔光束穿透雾一样横扫整个星系。” 业余天文学家的意外发现 尽管天文学家已经研究该星系几十年了,但这个惊人的发现还是由一位非科学家做出的。2019年12月,加州莫德斯托的艺术家、业余天文学家朱迪·施密特(Judy Schmidt)在对哈勃望远镜曝光的银河系进行再加工时,发现了黑暗阴影。施密特经常从哈勃档案中挑选有趣的观察资料,她可以把这些资料变成美丽的图像。她在Twitter上与许多追随者分享这些照片,其中包括马克西姆等天文学家。 施密特之所以从档案中选择哈勃望远镜观测到的IC 5063,是因为她对具有活动核的星系很感兴趣。锥状阴影在最初的曝光中并不明显,因此她在重新处理后的图像中看到这些阴影时感到惊讶。“我不知道它们在那里,甚至在我处理完之后,我一直眨着眼睛怀疑自己是否看到了我以为自己看到的东西”她说。 她立即在推特上发布了自己的照片。“这是我以前从未见过的东西,尽管我强烈怀疑它们是阴影射线或‘黄昏射线’(彼得给它们起的名字),但很容易让人的想象和一厢情愿的想法失控,”她解释说。“我想如果我错了,有人会来找我。” 这张照片在她的天文学家粉丝们的推特上引起了热烈的讨论,其中包括马克西姆,他对射线的起源争论不休。马克西姆已经在分析哈勃拍摄的星系黑洞喷流的图像。所以他带头研究射线并写了一篇科学论文。他的研究基于哈勃望远镜的3号广角相机和高级测量相机在2019年3月和11月进行的近红外观测。红光和近红外光穿透这个布满尘埃的星系,揭示了可能被尘埃包裹的细节。 如果没有哈勃望远镜敏锐的视觉,这一发现是不可能的。该星系也相对较近,距离地球只有1.56亿光年。“地面望远镜拍摄的旧照片可能显示了这种结构的迹象,但星系本身是如此混乱,你永远猜不到没有哈勃望远镜会发生什么。”马克西姆解释说,“哈勃望远镜有清晰的图像,对微弱的物体很敏感,并且有足够大的视野来拍摄整个星系。” 马克西姆希望继续他对银河系的研究,以确定他的设想是否正确。“我们希望继续调查,如果其他科学家也试图通过新的观察和建模来验证我们的结论,那就太棒了。”他说,“这个项目需要新的数据,因为它提出的问题比它解决的问题要多。” 研究小组的研究结果发表在《天体物理学快报》上。 哈勃太空望远镜是NASA与ESA(欧洲航天局)之间国际合作的项目。位于马里兰州格林贝尔特的NASA戈达德太空飞行中心负责管理该望远镜。位于马里兰州巴尔的摩的太空望远镜科学研究所(STScI)负责哈勃望远镜的科学运作。 STScI由位于华盛顿特区的天文学研究大学协会为NASA运营。 来源: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/black-holes-dust-ring-may-be-casting-shadows-from-heart-of-a-galaxy

哈勃望远镜拍摄到了宇宙肉桂面包

哈勃望远镜拍摄到了宇宙肉桂面包

Observed with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, the faint galaxy featured in this image is known as UGC 12588. Unlike many spiral galaxies, UGC 12588 displays neither a bar of stars across its center nor the classic prominent spiral arm pattern. Instead, to a viewer, its circular, white and mostly unstructured center makes this galaxy more reminiscent of a cinnamon bun than a megastructure of stars and gas in space. Lying in the constellation of Andromeda in the Northern Hemisphere, this galaxy is classified as a spiral galaxy. Unlike the classic image of a spiral galaxy, however, the huge arms of stars and gas in UGC 12588 are very faint, undistinguished, and tightly wound around its center. The clearest view of the spiral arms comes…

哈勃望远镜通过宇宙透镜观测星系

哈勃望远镜通过宇宙透镜观测星系

This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the galaxy LRG-3-817, also known as SDSS J090122.37+181432.3. The galaxy, its image distorted by the effects of gravitational lensing, appears as a long arc to the left of the central galaxy cluster. Gravitational lensing occurs when a large distribution of matter, such as a galaxy cluster, sits between Earth and a distant light source. As space is warped by massive objects, the light from the distant object bends as it travels to us and we see a distorted image of it. This effect was first predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Strong gravitational lenses provide an opportunity for studying properties of distant galaxies, since Hubble can resolve details within the multiple arcs that are one of the…

哈勃望远镜拍摄的宇宙瀑布

哈勃望远镜拍摄的宇宙瀑布

The galaxy UGCA 193, seen here by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, is a galaxy in the constellation of Sextans (the Sextant). Looking rather like a waterfall, UGCA 193 appears to host many young stars, especially in the lower portion of this view, creating a striking blue haze and the sense that the stars are falling from “above.” The blue color of UGCA 193 indicates the stars that we see are hot — some more than six times hotter than our Sun. We know that cooler stars appear to our eyes as redder, and hotter stars appear bluer. A star’s surface temperature and color are also linked to its mass, with heavier stars “burning” at higher temperatures, resulting in a blue glow from their surfaces….

哈勃看到了银河瀑布

哈勃看到了银河瀑布

In this spectacular image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, the galaxy NGC 2799 (on the left) is seemingly being pulled into the center of the galaxy NGC 2798 (on the right). Interacting galaxies, such as these, are so named because of the influence they have on each other, which may eventually result in a merger or a unique formation. Already, these two galaxies have seemingly formed a sideways waterspout, with stars from NGC 2799 appearing to fall into NGC 2798 almost like drops of water. Galactic mergers can take place over several hundred million to over a billion years. While one might think the merger of two galaxies would be catastrophic for the stellar systems within, the sheer amount of space between stars…

哈勃拍摄到银河魅力的照片

哈勃拍摄到银河魅力的照片

This stunning image by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope features the spiral galaxy NGC 5643 in the constellation of Lupus (the Wolf). Looking this good isn’t easy; 30 different exposures, for a total of nine hours of observation time, together with the high resolution and clarity of Hubble, were needed to produce an image of such high level of detail and beauty. NGC 5643 is about 60 million light-years away from Earth and has been the host of a recent supernova event (not visible in this latest image). This supernova (2017cbv) was a specific type in which a white dwarf steals so much mass from a companion star that it becomes unstable and explodes. The explosion releases significant amounts of energy and lights up that…

哈勃望远镜看到了一个位于“黑暗面”的星系

哈勃望远镜看到了一个位于“黑暗面”的星系

Resting on the tail of the Great Bear in the constellation of Ursa Major lies NGC 5585, a spiral galaxy that is more than it appears. The many stars and clouds of dust and gas that make up NGC 5585, shown here in this Hubble image, contribute only a small fraction of the total mass of the galaxy. As in many galaxies, this discrepancy can be explained by the abundant yet seemingly invisible presence of dark matter, a mysterious material that astronomers can’t directly observe. The stellar disk of the galaxy extends over 35,000 light-years across. When compared with galaxies of a similar shape and size, NGC 5585 stands out by having a notably different composition. Contributing to the total mass of the galaxy, it…

双鱼座的壳状星系

双鱼座的壳状星系

2020年8月27日 Shell Galaxies in Pisces Image Credit & Copyright: Martin Pugh Explanation: This intergalactic skyscape features a peculiar system of galaxies cataloged as Arp 227 some 100 million light-years distant. Swimming within the boundaries of the constellation Pisces, Arp 227 consists of the two galaxies prominent right of center, the curious shell galaxy NGC 474 and its blue, spiral-armed neighbor NGC 470. The faint, wide arcs or shells of NGC 474 could have been formed by a gravitational encounter with neighbor NGC 470. Alternately the shells could be caused by a merger with a smaller galaxy producing an effect analogous to ripples across the surface of a pond. The large galaxy on the top lefthand side of the deep image, NGC 467, appears to be…

哈勃望远镜钩住了超新星宿主星系

哈勃望远镜钩住了超新星宿主星系

This image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope features the spectacular galaxy NGC 2442, nicknamed the Meathook galaxy owing to its extremely asymmetrical and irregular shape. This galaxy was host to a supernova explosion spotted in March 2015, known as SN 2015F, that was created by a white dwarf star. The white dwarf was part of a binary star system and siphoned mass from its companion, eventually becoming too greedy and taking on more than it could handle. This unbalanced the star and triggered runaway nuclear fusion that eventually led to an intensely violent supernova explosion. The supernova shone brightly for quite some time and was easily visible from Earth through even a small telescope until months later. Download in full resolution from ESA’s Hubble…

哈勃望远镜远近都能看到

哈勃望远镜远近都能看到

The barred spiral galaxy known as NGC 4907 shows its starry face from 270 million light-years away to anyone who can see it from the Northern Hemisphere. This is a new image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope of the face-on galaxy, displaying its beautiful spiral arms, wound loosely around its central bright bar of stars. Shining brightly below the galaxy is a star that is actually within our own Milky Way galaxy. This star appears much brighter than the billions of stars in NGC 4907 as it is 100,000 times closer, residing only 2,500 light-years away. NGC 4907 is also part of the Coma Cluster, a group of over 1,000 galaxies, some of which can be seen around NGC 4907 in this image. This…