NGC 1365: 壮丽的宇宙岛

NGC 1365: 壮丽的宇宙岛

2021年01月08日 NGC 1365: Majestic Island Universe Image Credit & Copyright: Mike Selby, Leonardo Orazi Explanation: Barred spiral galaxy NGC 1365 is truly a majestic island universe some 200,000 light-years across. Located a mere 60 million light-years away toward the chemical constellation Fornax, NGC 1365 is a dominant member of the well-studied Fornax Cluster of galaxies. This impressively sharp color image shows the intense, reddish star forming regions near the ends of central bar and along the spiral arms, with details of the obscuring dust lanes cutting across the galaxy’s bright core. At the core lies a supermassive black hole. Astronomers think NGC 1365’s prominent bar plays a crucial role in the galaxy’s evolution, drawing gas and dust into a star-forming maelstrom and ultimately feeding material…

地球可能被毛状暗物质包围着

地球可能被毛状暗物质包围着

The solar system might be a lot hairier than we thought. This illustration shows Earth surrounded by theoretical filaments of dark matter called “hairs.” Dark matter is an invisible, mysterious substance that makes up about 27 percent of all matter and energy in the universe. The regular matter, which makes up everything we can see around us, is only 5 percent of the universe. The rest is dark energy, a strange phenomenon associated with the acceleration of our expanding universe. The data on hairy dark matter is based on a study by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Gary Prézeau that appeared in a 2015 article in the Astrophysical Journal. Learn more about hairy dark matter. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech 太阳系可能比我们想象的要毛茸茸的多。 这幅插图显示,地球被理论上称为“毛发”的暗物质细丝所包围。 暗物质是一种不可见的神秘物质,约占宇宙所有物质和能量的27%。构成我们周围所能看到的一切的常规物质,只占宇宙的5%。剩下的是暗能量,这是一种与我们膨胀的宇宙加速有关的奇怪现象。 关于有毛暗物质的数据是基于NASA喷气推进实验室加里·普雷佐(GaryPrézeau)的一项研究得出的,该研究发表在2015年的《天体物理学杂志》上。 了解有关毛状暗物质的更多信息。 图片来源:NASA/JPL-Caltech

今天是黑洞星期五!

今天是黑洞星期五!

What is a black hole? A black hole is an astronomical object with a gravitational pull so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape it. A black hole’s “surface,” called its event horizon, defines the boundary where the velocity needed to escape exceeds the speed of light, which is the speed limit of the cosmos. Matter and radiation fall in, but they can’t get out. Two main classes of black holes have been extensively observed. Stellar-mass black holes with three to dozens of times the Sun’s mass are spread throughout our Milky Way galaxy, while supermassive monsters weighing 100,000 to billions of solar masses are found in the centers of most big galaxies, ours included. This image is an artist’s concept of a tidal…

50例引力波事件的集结图

50例引力波事件的集结图

2020年11月4日 Fifty Gravitational Wave Events Illustrated Image Credit: LIGO Virgo Collaborations, Frank Elavsky, Aaron Geller, Northwestern U. Explanation: Over fifty gravitational wave events have now been detected. These events mark the distant, violent collisions of two black holes, a black hole and a neutron star, or two neutron stars. Most of the 50 events were detected in 2019 by the LIGO gravitational wave detectors in the USA and the VIRGO detector in Europe. In the featured illustration summarizing the masses of the first 50 events, blue dots indicate higher-mass black holes while orange dots denote lower-mass neutron stars. Astrophysicists are currently uncertain, though, about the nature of events marked in white involving masses that appear to be in the middle — between two and five…

GW190521:出乎意外的黑洞互撞

GW190521:出乎意外的黑洞互撞

2020年9月8日 GW190521: Unexpected Black Holes Collide Illustration Credit: Raúl Rubio (Virgo Valencia Group, The Virgo Collaboration) Explanation: How do black holes like this form? The two black holes that spiraled together to produce the gravitational wave event GW190521 were not only the most massive black holes ever seen by LIGO and VIRGO so far, their masses — 66 and 85 solar masses — were unprecedented and unexpected. Lower mass black holes, below about 65 solar masses are known to form in supernova explosions. Conversely, higher mass black holes, above about 135 solar masses, are thought to be created by very massive stars imploding after they use up their weight-bearing nuclear-fusion-producing elements. How such intermediate mass black holes came to exist is yet unknown, although one…

天鹅座方向的天空

天鹅座方向的天空

2020年8月26日 Cygnus Skyscape Image Credit & Copyright: Alistair Symon Explanation: In brush strokes of interstellar dust and glowing hydrogen gas, this beautiful skyscape is painted across the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy near the northern end of the Great Rift and the constellation Cygnus the Swan. Composed using 22 different images and over 180 hours of image data, the widefield mosaic spans an impressive 24 degrees across the sky. Alpha star of Cygnus, bright, hot, supergiant Deneb lies near top center. Crowded with stars and luminous gas clouds Cygnus is also home to the dark, obscuring Northern Coal Sack Nebula, extending from Deneb toward the center of the view. The reddish glow of star forming regions NGC 7000 and IC 5070, the North America…

视象化:黑洞的吸积盘

视象化:黑洞的吸积盘

2020年8月25日 Visualization: A Black Hole Accretion Disk Visualization Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Jeremy Schnittman Explanation: What would it look like to circle a black hole? If the black hole was surrounded by a swirling disk of glowing and accreting gas, then the great gravity of the black hole would deflect light emitted by the disk to make it look very unusual. The featured animated video gives a visualization. The video starts with you, the observer, looking toward the black hole from just above the plane of the accretion disk. Surrounding the central black hole is a thin circular image of the orbiting disk that marks the position of the photon sphere — inside of which lies the black hole’s event horizon. Toward the…

NGC 6814:哈勃望远镜的宏伟螺旋星系

NGC 6814:哈勃望远镜的宏伟螺旋星系

2020年8月16日 NGC 6814: Grand Design Spiral Galaxy from Hubble Image Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA; Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt Explanation: In the center of this serene stellar swirl is likely a harrowing black-hole beast. The surrounding swirl sweeps around billions of stars which are highlighted by the brightest and bluest. The breadth and beauty of the display give the swirl the designation of a grand design spiral galaxy. The central beast shows evidence that it is a supermassive black hole about 10 million times the mass of our Sun. This ferocious creature devours stars and gas and is surrounded by a spinning moat of hot plasma that emits blasts of X-rays. The central violent activity gives it the designation of a Seyfert galaxy. Together, this beauty and…

哈勃望远镜发现了神秘的中型黑洞的最佳证据

哈勃望远镜发现了神秘的中型黑洞的最佳证据

天文学家发现了宇宙杀手的最佳证据:一个被称为“中等质量”的神秘的黑洞,它撕裂了一颗离它太近的任性的恒星,从而暴露了它的存在。 黑洞的质量大约是太阳的5万倍,比位于大型星系核心的超大质量黑洞(数百万或数十亿倍太阳质量)要小,但比大质量恒星坍缩形成的恒星质量黑洞要大。 这些所谓的中等质量黑洞(IMBHs)是黑洞演化过程中一个长期寻找的“缺失环节”。尽管还有其他一些IMBH候选者,但研究人员认为这些新发现是迄今为止宇宙中黑洞的最有力证据。 它利用了两个X射线天文台的强大力量以及NASA哈勃太空望远镜的敏锐视野,最终锁定了这只宇宙怪兽。 这幅图描绘了一场宇宙间的谋杀。一颗恒星正在被一个包含数万个太阳质量的黑洞的强大引力撕碎。恒星残骸在黑洞周围形成了一个吸积盘。来自超高温气体盘的X射线光提醒天文学家黑洞的位置;否则它就会潜伏在黑暗中。这个神秘的物体被归类为中等质量黑洞(IMBH),因为它比位于星系中心的巨型黑洞要小得多。因此,IMBHs大多是静止的,因为它们吸的物质不多,而且很难找到。哈勃望远镜的观测提供了证据,证明IMBH存在于一个稠密的星团中。星系团本身可能是矮星系的简化核心。 图片来源:NASA, ESA and D. Player (STScI) [rml_read_more] “中等质量的黑洞是非常神秘的物体,因此仔细考虑并为每个候选黑洞提供不同的解释是非常重要的。这就是哈勃望远镜为我们的候选黑洞所做的。”这项研究的首席研究员,新罕布什尔大学的林大成说。研究结果发表在2020年3月31日的《天体物理学杂志通讯》(Astrophysical Journal Letters)上。 这个发现的故事读起来就像夏洛克·福尔摩斯(Sherlock Holmes)的故事,需要一丝不苟、一步一步地构建案件,才能抓住罪犯。 林和他的团队使用哈勃望远镜追踪了美国宇航局钱德拉X射线天文台和欧洲航天局(欧洲航天局)X射线多镜任务(XMM-Newton)的线索。2006年,这些卫星探测到了强大的X射线耀斑,但无法确定它是起源于我们银河系的内部还是外部。研究人员认为,这是由于一颗恒星在过于接近一个引力强大的致密物体(如黑洞)后被撕裂造成的。 令人惊讶的是,这个名为3XMM J215022.4−055108的X射线源并不位于星系中心,而星系中心通常是大质量黑洞居住的地方。这使人们相信IMBH是罪魁祸首,但首先必须排除X射线耀斑的另一个可能来源:我们自己的银河系中的中子星,在加热到非常高的温度后会冷却下来。中子星是恒星爆炸后的残余物。 哈勃太空望远镜对准了X射线源,以确定其精确位置。高分辨率的深空成像提供了强有力的证据,证明X射线并非来自我们星系中的一个孤立源,而是来自另一个星系外围的一个遥远而稠密的星团——这正是天文学家期望发现IMBH的地方。哈勃(Hubble)先前的研究表明,星系中心的黑洞的质量与该星系的中央隆起成正比。换句话说,星系质量越大,黑洞质量就越大。因此,3XMM J215022.4−055108所在的星团可能是一个低质量矮星系的剥离核心,该矮星系由于其与当前更大的星系宿主的密切相互作用而受到引力和潮汐的干扰。 天文学家已经找到了被称为“中等质量”的神秘的黑洞的最佳证据,它撕裂了一颗离它太近的恒星,从而暴露了它的存在。这一令人兴奋的发现打开了一扇门,有可能会有更多的恒星潜伏在黑暗中,等着被离得太近的恒星发现。 来源:NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center IMBH尤其难以发现,因为它们比超大质量黑洞小且活动性低。它们没有现成的燃料来源,也没有强大的引力来吸引恒星和其他会产生X射线光芒的宇宙物质。天文学家必须抓住一个正在吞噬恒星的黑洞。林和他的同事们对XMM-Newton数据档案进行了梳理,搜索了成千上万的观测结果,找到了一个IMBH候选者。 被撕碎的恒星发出的X射线使天文学家们得以估算出黑洞的质量为5万个太阳质量。黑洞的质量是根据X射线光度和光谱形状来估计的。“这比以往只使用X射线发光度来确定IMBH候选星系要可靠得多。”林说,“我们之所以可以用光谱拟合来估计我们的天体的IMBH质量,是因为它的光谱演化表明,它一直处于热光谱状态,这种状态在恒星质量的黑洞的吸积中很常见,也很容易理解。” 这张哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的图像确定了一个中等质量黑洞的位置,它的质量是太阳的5万倍(比星系中心的超大质量黑洞要小得多)。这个黑洞被命名为3XMM J215022.4−055108,用白色的圆圈表示。这种神秘的黑洞首次被发现是在一颗恒星被黑洞捕获并摧毁时,恒星释放出的热气体释放出的x射线。哈勃需要在可见光中精确定位黑洞的位置。哈勃的高分辨率深空成像显示,黑洞位于一个密集的恒星群中,远在我们的银河系之外。星系团位于图片中心的星系附近。看起来较小的背景星系似乎散布在图像周围,包括一个正面的旋臂就在中央前景星系的上方。这张照片是用哈勃先进的巡天照相机拍摄的。 来源:NASA, ESA and D. Lin (University of New Hampshire) 这个物体并不是第一个被认为可能是中等质量黑洞的候选者。2009年,哈勃太空望远镜与斯威夫特天文台(Swift observatory)和欧洲航天局(ESA)的XMM-Newton合作,确定了位于银河系ESO 243-49边缘的被称为IMBH(称为HLX-1)。它也位于一颗年轻的蓝色恒星团的中心,这可能是一个被剥夺的矮星系核心。X射线来自黑洞周围的热吸积盘。林说:“主要的区别在于,我们的目标正在撕裂一颗恒星,这提供了有力的证据,证明它是一个巨大的黑洞,而不是人们经常认为包括HLX-1在内的先前候选者的恒星质量的黑洞。” 发现这个IMBH后,可能会有更多的黑洞潜伏在黑暗中未被发现,等待着被一个离得太近的恒星暴露。林计划使用他的团队已被证明成功的方法继续进行细致的侦探工作。许多问题有待回答。IMBH是否会产生超大质量黑洞?IMBH本身如何形成?密集的星团是他们的最爱吗? 哈勃太空望远镜是NASA与ESA(欧洲航天局)之间国际合作的项目。位于马里兰州格林贝尔特的NASA戈达德太空飞行中心负责管理该望远镜。位于马里兰州巴尔的摩市的太空望远镜科学研究所(STScI)负责哈勃的科学运作。STScI由位于华盛顿特区的天文学研究大学协会为NASA运营。 参考来源: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/hubble-finds-best-evidence-for-elusive-mid-sized-black-hole

黑洞破坏路过的恒星

黑洞破坏路过的恒星

2020 March 24 A Black Hole Disrupts a Passing Star Illustration Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech Explanation: What happens to a star that goes near a black hole? If the star directly impacts a massive black hole, then the star falls in completely — and everything vanishes. More likely, though, the star goes close enough to have the black hole’s gravity pull away the outer layers of the star, or disrupt the star. Then most of the star’s gas does not fall into the black hole. These stellar tidal disruption events can be as bright as a supernova, and an increasing amount of them are being discovered by automated sky surveys. In the featured artist’s illustration, a star has just passed a massive black hole and sheds…