恒星PDS 70的吸积盘、行星及卫星

恒星PDS 70的吸积盘、行星及卫星

2023年10月17日 PDS 70: Disk, Planets, and Moons Image Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO); M. Benisty et al. Explanation: It’s not the big ring that’s attracting the most attention. Although the big planet-forming ring around the star PDS 70 is clearly imaged and itself quite interesting. It’s also not the planet on the right, just inside the big disk, that’s being talked about the most. Although the planet PDS 70c is a newly formed and, interestingly, similar in size and mass to Jupiter. It’s the fuzzy patch around the planet PDS 70c that’s causing the commotion. That fuzzy patch is thought to be a dusty disk that is now forming into moons — and that had never been seen before. The featured image was taken in 2021 by…

木卫凌越木星

木卫凌越木星

2023年6月13日 Moons Across Jupiter Image Credit: NASA; ESA, JPL, Cassini Imaging Team, SSI; Processing: Kevin M. Gill Explanation: Jupiter’s moons circle Jupiter. The featured video depicts Europa and Io, two of Jupiter’s largest moons, crossing in front of the grand planet’s Great Red Spot, the largest known storm system in our Solar System. The video was composed from images taken by the robotic Cassini spacecraft as it passed Jupiter in 2000, on its way to Saturn. The two moons visible are volcanic Io, in the distance, and icy Europa. In the time-lapse video, Europa appears to overtake Io, which is odd because Io is closer to Jupiter and moves faster. The explanation is that the motion of the fast Cassini spacecraft changes the camera location…

自转的木星与旋绕的卫星

自转的木星与旋绕的卫星

2022年10月25日 Jupiter Rotates as Moons Orbit Video Credit & Copyright: Makrem Larnaout Explanation: Jupiter and its moons move like our Sun and its planets. Similarly, Jupiter spins while its moons circle around. Jupiter’s rotation can be observed by tracking circulating dark belts and light zones. The Great Red Spot, the largest storm known, rotates to become visible after about 15 seconds in the 48-second time lapse video. The video is a compilation of shorts taken over several nights last month and combined into a digital recreation of how 24-continuous hours would appear. Jupiter’s brightest moons always orbit in the plane of the planet’s rotation, even as Earth’s spin makes the whole system appear to tilt. The moons Europa, Ganymede, and Io are all visible, with…

土星环后方的卫星

土星环后方的卫星

2022年1月4日 Moons Beyond Rings at Saturn Image Credit: NASA, ESA, JPL, Cassini Imaging Team Explanation: What’s happened to that moon of Saturn? Nothing — Saturn’s moon Rhea is just partly hidden behind Saturn’s rings. In 2010, the robotic Cassini spacecraft then orbiting Saturn took this narrow-angle view looking across the Solar System’s most famous rings. Rings visible in the foreground include the thin F ring on the outside and the much wider A and B rings just interior to it. Although it seems to be hovering over the rings, Saturn’s moon Janus is actually far behind them. Janus is one of Saturn’s smaller moons and measures only about 180 kilometers across. Farther out from the camera is the heavily cratered Rhea, a much larger moon…

水状羽流从木卫二喷射吗?NASA的欧罗巴快船正在调查中

水状羽流从木卫二喷射吗?NASA的欧罗巴快船正在调查中

在木卫二发现羽流是一个令人兴奋的展望,但科学家警告说,即使近距离观察,也会很棘手。 2005年,从土星卫星土卫二表面喷发出的明亮的水状羽流图像吸引了全世界的目光。从土卫二南极地区喷射出来的巨大蒸汽柱、冰粒子和有机分子表明,在土卫二的冰壳下面有液态水海洋,也证实了土卫二的地质活动非常活跃。烟柱还将土卫二和太阳系外的其他行星推向了NASA寻找生命迹象名单的前列,这些星球既没有大气层,也远离太阳热量。 科学家们现在正准备前往另一个可能有羽状物的冰封海洋世界:木星的卫星木卫二。NASA的欧罗巴快船计划于2024年发射,它将从木卫二的深层内部到表面对其进行研究,以确定它是否含有使其成为适宜生命家园的成分。 与土卫二一样,木卫二在地质上也是动态的,这意味着这两颗卫星的固体层在与主行星和邻近卫星的引力拉力赛中拉伸和弯曲时,都会在内部产生热量。这不是来自太阳的热量,而是防止地下的水在这些被冰覆盖的卫星上冻结。这些热量还可能有助于在海底产生或循环生命的化学成分,包括碳、氢、氧、氮、磷和硫。 但相似之处仅此而已。 “很多人认为木卫二将成为土卫二的2.0版,从其表面不断喷射出羽状物,”欧罗巴快船成像系统(EIS)相机背后的科学团队成员琳奈·奎克说。“但我们不能这样看待它;木卫二是一只完全不同的野兽,”来自马里兰州绿带NASA戈达德航天飞行中心的奎克说。 2005年11月27日,NASA卡西尼号飞船拍摄的第一批土卫二喷流图像之一。这张土卫二的图片是在太阳背光下拍摄。 影像来源:NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute. 如欲了解更多信息,请点击此链接访问。 有证据表明,木卫二可能像土卫二一样,从其地下喷出水。例如,科学家们使用NASA的伽利略号航天器、NASA的哈勃望远镜和大型地球望远镜报告了在木卫二探测到微弱的水羽流或其化学成分。 但没人能确定。爱达荷大学物理系副教授、欧罗巴快船测绘成像光谱仪(MISE)科学团队成员马修·麦凯·海德曼说:“我我们仍然处在一个非常有趣的证据中,但没有一个是完全可靠的。” 科学家们被羽流吸引有几个原因。首先,不可否认,它们很酷:“我们是科学家,但我们也是人,”肖恩·布鲁克斯说,他是欧罗巴快船的木卫二紫外光谱仪科学团队的成员,工作在南加州的NASA喷气推进实验室。 但实际上,布鲁克斯说,羽流让科学家更容易进入木卫二内部。他说:“这一切都归结为木卫二是否适合居住,归根结底是对木卫二表面以下正在发生的事情有一些了解,而我们目前还无法了解到。” 换句话说,木卫二的魔力,一个潜在宜居世界的原型,隐藏在卫星深处。与德克萨斯州大小的土卫二相比,欧罗巴大约是地球大小的四分之一,或者比地球的卫星月球小一点。有证据表明,木卫二的海水比土卫二深得多,可能有40至100英里(约60至160公里)深,这意味着它可能包含的水是地球海洋的两倍。一些科学家假设木卫二的海洋可能通过热液喷口与海底过热的岩石发生反应。在地球上,这些区域是化学活动的温床,滋养着无数的生物。 科学家说,木卫二的冰壳中也可能有大量的融化的水,这些水比海洋更有可能成为羽流的来源。这些小窝也能为生物提供舒适的栖息地。 因为木卫二离木星比土卫二离土星更近,所以木卫二在围绕其主行星旋转时产生的摩擦会产生更多的热量。鉴于内部热量刺激了岩石世界的地质活动,预计木卫二的地质范围将比土卫二更广。一些科学家预测,木卫二有板块构造,移动和循环组成卫星表面的冰块。如果是这样的话,木卫二可能是由木星辐射产生的表面营养物质,比如氧气,循环到冰壳中的液态水或海洋本身。通过欧罗巴快船,科学家们将有机会通过分析羽流的化学组成或它们可能在表面留下的痕迹来检验他们的一些预测。 这张合成图像显示,在木星卫星木卫二边缘的7点钟位置,疑似有水蒸气羽流喷发。由NASA哈勃太空望远镜成像光谱仪拍摄的羽流在月球从木星前方经过时以剪影的形式出现。哈勃数据收集于2014年1月26日。叠加在哈勃数据上的木卫二图像是由伽利略和旅行者号任务的数据组合而成。 影像来源:NASA/ESA/W. Sparks (STScI)/USGS Astrogeology Science Center. 如欲了解更多信息,请点击此链接访问。 科学家警告说,即使木卫二羽流在那里,也很难近距离探测到。它们可能是零星的,它们可能又小又薄,因为欧罗巴的重力比土卫二强得多,可能会使这些水柱靠近地表。这与土卫二壮观的水状羽流大不相同:它总是比土卫二本身还大,在卫星表面上方数百英里处喷洒冰冷的粒子。“即使它们在那里,木卫二的羽流也可能不那么上镜。”海德曼说。 尽管欧罗巴快船的科学家们正在设计各种创造性的策略来在2031年航天器开始探索木卫二时找到活跃的羽流,但他们并不依赖这些羽流来了解木卫二内部的情况。 “完成一项成功的任务不需要抓住机会。”奎克说。 奎克补充说,无论是否有活跃的羽流,欧罗巴快船上的每一个仪器都可以提供地表下适宜居住条件的证据。 科学团队将如何寻找潜在羽流的几个例子包括欧罗巴快船的相机套件,EIS。当木卫二经过木星前方时,卫星被木星的光线照射时,相机套件将在木卫二的边缘寻找羽流的轮廓,从而探测木卫二表面附近的羽状结构。一旦出现羽流,EIS将对其进行拍照,同时也会对可能在地表可见的羽流沉积物进行拍照。木卫二紫外光谱仪还将努力在紫外线中探测羽流,包括当木卫二经过附近恒星前经过时在卫星边缘的羽流,它可以测量这些羽流的化学组成。木卫二热辐射成像系统(E-THEMIS)将在木卫二表面寻找热点,这些热点可能是活动或近期喷发的证据。 不管研究人员是否在木卫二上发现羽状流,欧罗巴快船团队都将取得成功,尽管许多科学家希望通过一场壮观的水上表演来丰富这项任务,并加深我们对木卫二的了解。“我确实怀疑欧罗巴是活跃的,让一些物质逃逸了。”海德曼说。“但我希望当我们真正了解它是如何做到这一点时,它不会是任何人所期望的。” 关于任务的更多信息 像欧罗巴快船这样的任务为天体生物学领域做出了贡献,这是一项跨学科的研究,研究遥远世界中可能存在生命的变数和条件。虽然欧罗巴快船不是一项生命探测任务,但它将对木卫二进行详细的侦察,并调查这颗冰冷的卫星及地下海洋。了解木卫二的可居住性将有助于科学家更好地了解地球上生命是如何发展的,以及在地球之外发现生命的潜力。 JPL由加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳的加州理工学院管理,与马里兰州劳雷尔的约翰·霍普金斯应用物理实验室合作,领导欧罗巴快船任务的发展,为华盛顿的NASA科学任务理事会服务。位于阿拉巴马州亨茨维尔的NASA马歇尔航天飞行中心的行星任务计划办公室,负责欧罗巴快船任务的项目管理。 有关木卫二的更多信息,请访问: europa.nasa.gov 参考来源: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/are-water-plumes-spraying-from-europa-nasa-s-europa-clipper-is-on-the-case/

移过天空的天王星和卫星

移过天空的天王星和卫星

2021年11月30日 In Motion: Uranus and Moons Video Credit: David Campbell (U. Hertfordshire), Bayfordbury Observatory Explanation: What’s that moving across the sky? A planet just a bit too faint to see with the unaided eye: Uranus. The gas giant out past Saturn was tracked earlier this month near opposition — when it was closest to Earth and at its brightest. The featured video captured by the Bayfordbury Observatory in Hertfordshire, UK is a four-hour time-lapse showing Uranus with its four largest moons in tow: Titania, Oberon, Umbriel and Ariel. Uranus’ apparent motion past background stars is really dominated by Earth’s own orbital motion around our Sun. The cross seen centered on Uranus is called a diffraction spike and is caused by light diffracting around the four…

三星凌木及交食

三星凌木及交食

2021年8月21日 Triple Transit and Mutual Events Image Credit & Copyright: Christopher Go Explanation: These three panels feature the Solar System’s ruling gas giant Jupiter on August 15 as seen from Cebu City, Philippines, planet Earth. On that date the well-timed telescopic views detail some remarkable performances, transits and mutual events, by Jupiter’s Galilean moons. In the top panel, Io is just disappearing into Jupiter’s shadow at the far right, but the three other large Jovian moons appear against the planet’s banded disk. Brighter Europa and darker Ganymede are at the far left, also casting their two shadows on the gas giant’s cloud tops. Callisto is below and right near the planet’s edge, the three moons in a triple transit across the face of Jupiter. Moving…

土星与六颗卫星

土星与六颗卫星

2021年07月06日 Saturn and Six Moons Image Credit & Copyright: Mohammad Ranjbaran; MR Thanks: Amir Ehteshami Explanation: How many moons does Saturn have? So far 82 have been confirmed, the smallest being only a fraction of a kilometer across. Six of its largest satellites can be seen here in a composite image with 13 short exposure of the bright planet, and 13 long exposures of the brightest of its faint moons, taken over two weeks last month. Larger than Earth’s Moon and even slightly larger than Mercury,Saturn’s largest moon Titan has a diameter of 5,150 kilometers and was captured making nearly a complete orbit around its ringed parent planet. Saturn’s first known natural satellite, Titan was discovered in 1655 by Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens, in contrast…